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vans-Pritchard  The Sanks+ of Cyrenaica, p 89. 'DE1,) - 5-H) 'D1,D 'DE1J6 5@ 359. 'D2'HJ - HD') 71'(D3 5@ 77  83  103  113. #(H 'DB'3E - 'DEG',1HF 'DDJ(JHF ('D'J'D) 'D*HF3J) (1861-1881E) 5@ 32-33. 'D2'&/J - DJ(J' AJ 'D9G/ 'DB1E'FDJ 5@ 27-34. ('2'EG - 'D/(DHE'3J) 'DDJ(J) AJ 'DB1F 'D+'EF 941 5@ 28-32. EJC'CJ (*91J( HE1',9) AH2J) - E5/1 3(B 0C1G 5@ 89-99. 97JH) - 1-D) 'D#DA 9'E E9 B('&D #HD'/ 9DJ 5@ 3-4. 41A 'D/JF - E5/1 3(B 0C1G 5@ 248. 'D2'HJ - ,G'/ 'DDJ(JJF AJ /J'1 'DG,1) 5@ 13. 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E51 %('F 'D-CE 'DEDCJ AJ E51 *1,9 #5HDG %DI B(JD) 'DAH'.1  #E' 9(/ 'D-CJE 9'E1 ABJD (#F #5HD #,/'/G EF *1GHF). 'D2'HJ - #9D'E DJ(J' 5@ 221. 'D-(HFJ - E5/1 3(B 0C1G 5@ 106-107. HJF7B '3EG' ('DDG,) 'D(/HJ) AJ DJ(J' HE51 "9DJ)"  HDJ3 "9'DJ)" CE' GH EC*H(.  De Candole  The life and times of king Idris of Libya, p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